Observing the flaws and defects in the world and the pains and sufferings that are drived from them, i.e., the existence of the EVIL in the world, have engaged the mind of everyone. People wish to know that what the origin of the EVIL is and how is it possible to reconcile them with a belief in a God, who is All-knowing, All-powerful, and Pure Good and His creation is the best possible creation. According to Hume, Leibniz by posing certain questions that since Epicure’s time have been asked and remained unanswered, tried to give a befitting reply. Accepting three kinds of EVILs, Leibniz tried to clarify them through different methods. In this paper, his responses have been classified in three parts and, then, have been treated. Though his responses are considered to be based on Saint Augustine’s view, the author, in this paper, proved that one of the responses and perhaps the deepest one is that of Leibniz’s himself and is based on his own metaphysics.

The question of good and EVIL is among problems discussed by scholars and researchers from ancient times. Existence of EVIL affairs such as death, disease, disaster, poverty, impotence, pain, suffering, difference in creation and society, war, and Satan has caused some to believe in the lack of justice in the cosmic order. The approach of contemporary religious critiques to the question, however, has remarkably changed.Presenting answers of Islamic sages to the questions, the present essay offers the approach of some contemporary thinkers in this regard and precisely analyzes the problem from a philosophical perspective through expounding some well known opinions.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized PHYSICAL and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different PHYSICAL developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various PHYSICAL developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different PHYSICAL developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various PHYSICAL developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which PHYSICAL and non-PHYSICAL characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between PHYSICAL and non-PHYSICAL factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different PHYSICAL development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of PHYSICAL development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The reason behind the creation of a painting and the method applied, hold many hidden secrets within it and can be influenced by ever-changing internal and external conditions. One of the most important of these factors is an inner existing aspect called the EVIL force which with the help of the artist’s creative mind and his ideology and beliefs, and in accordance to the prevalent social, cultural and religious condition, not only creates works of art with similar content and different appearances, but also displays them through different styles such as abstract, figurative, expressive and etc; although these figurative works of art could exhibit the concept of EVIL and even multiply its existence to the observer. Therefore the EVIL force can be considered as one of the many forces that have been placed within human beings and while it is considered as a destructive nature, humans are able to employ its infinite energy as a stimulant towards artistic creation and show their beliefs and inner beings in the form of displaying the EVIL force (as Satan), or through passing this corporeality.

In the new age the conflict between science and religion has turned into one of the most important apprehensions of believers in God. Employing scientific hypotheses, some of the believers in God have challenged religious beliefs and some others, on the basis of the findings and hypotheses of modern science, have tried to weaken the apologias and theodicies which the believers in God have presented to solve the problem of EVIL (as one of the most principal philosophical reasons for atheism). By examining modern science in terms of structure, denotation, and method, we will show in this article that the modern science cannot be considered as an argument for atheism. Similarly, by examining the problem of EVIL in two fields of ethical EVIL and PHYSICAL EVIL – without wishing to judge the believers’ success in presenting apologias and theodicies – we will state that science cannot weaken the apologias and theodicies of the believers in God either in the field of ethical or PHYSICAL EVIL and indirectly be considered as a supporter of atheism.

Gratuitous EVIL is an instance of EVIL that an omniscient and omnipotent being could prevent it without thereby losing some greater good or creating some equal or greater EVIL. William Rowe believes that the existence of gratuitous EVIL is a serious threat to theism. Peterson argued that the two are compatible by use of free will. According to Hesker, Patterson's strategy on gratuitous EVIL is not effective. Hasker's answer falls into the category of compatibilist answers, but his view indicates an important difference, i.e. theism and the existence of gratuitous EVIL are not only compatible, but also the existence of gratuitous EVIL is necessary to believe in God with all the main divine attributes. Hasker uses the concept of "significant morality". In his opinion, in order for human choices to be morally significant, morality must not be undermined. According to Hasker, this answer_ unlike the libertarianism respond_ is useful when one encounters gratuitous natural EVIL, because there are many moral virtues that can be realized in the face of natural suffering and Goods such as awareness, foresight, courage, caution, cooperation, etc. In this article, we examine Hasker's argument and some of the criticism that follows it.

This paper attempts to present the Taoist understanding of EVIL. In the Taoist tradition, especially in Tao Te Ching, EVIL is divided into two categories: causal EVIL and consequential EVIL. Causal EVILs are those EVILs that are said to be the causes of other EVILs; consequential EVILs are those that are said to be the consequences of the causal EVILs. Causal EVILs originate from human will, and cause suffering. This means that EVIL is not equal to suffering. Lao Tzu does not clearly talk about natural suffering. He regards all EVIL and suffering as resulting from human actions that are not in accordance with Tao, which is the source of all life. Therefore, the way to overcome EVIL is to follow Tao, to actualize wu-wei in life.

There are numerous ideas regarding the nature of EVILs and the cause of its emergence and the division of EVILs as well as the dependence on natural EVILs on moral EVILs. Considering the idea of FazelQooshchi that there is no proof regarding the negativity of EVIL and only a number of inductive evidences have been provided instead, the author has sought to demonstrate the negative nature of EVILs via critically discussing the major ideas and analyses of EVILnot as an existential negation versus the existential positivity a la MullaSadrarather as an example of philosophical secondary intelligbilia. This is to say that although EVIL does not have an objective extension it does certainly have a source of abstraction in the outside world. Moreover, the current essay offers a multidimensional analysis of the problem of EVIL based on philosophy, theology and religion in order not to submerge in the methodological exclusivism. Thus the author attempts to depict a geometry of EVILs and offers an explication of the causes of their emergence as a non-existential and negative phenomenon and finally proves the divine stature of the Necessary Being based on the theory of punishment, atonement and the means of nearness.